Information and Telecommunication Sciences

CLOUD SERVICES AND PLATFORMS RESEARCH FOR INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS DEPLOYMENT

2025-06-09T23:35:38+03:00

Background. Various cloud services and platforms are available to deploy and host IoT applications. Such services and platforms differ in capabilities, cost, complexity and other factors. What cloud services or platforms to select from for an IoT solution is an actual and challenging question. The paper expands in detail on cloud services and platforms research for IoT applications deployment and hosting, and offers a way to find an answer to selecting appropriate cloud services or platforms.

Objective. The paper aims to provide an overview of cloud services and platforms for IoT applications deployment and hosting, and propose a method for selecting suitable cloud services or platforms for IoT applications deployment and hosting.

Methods. We use theoretical research in the cloud services and platforms area of expertise for building IoT solutions, employing mathematical modelling and decision theory proposed in the functional form with weight coefficients, to select the best option from pre-selected cloud services and platforms based on IoT solution requirements and constraints.

Results. The paper thoroughly explores IoT technology evolution, IoT product lifecycle, IoT solution architecture, and cloud service types for IoT solutions hosting. Research delves into public cloud service providers with detailed elaboration on the AWS public cloud services, and reviews platform service providers for implementing IoT solutions. Then, the work breaks down two practical implementation cases of IoT solutions using the Blynk platform and custom hosting services. Furthermore, the study articulates recommendations for developing sustainable IoT solutions and provides examples of selecting an IoT cloud service or platform for three IoT applications across various business domains. As a result, the work proposes a utility-based scoring function for selecting cloud or platform services for deploying and hosting an IoT solution.

Conclusions. There’s no one-size-fits-all IoT cloud or platform. The choice depends on IoT solution specifics, requirements and constraints. A utility-based scoring function is proposed to guide cloud provider or platform selection.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND METHOD OF MAINTAINING CONNECTIVITY IN A MOBILE NETWORK WITH DIRECTED ACTION SENSORS USING TELECOMMUNICATION AERIAL PLATFORMS AT DIFFERENT LOCATION LEVELS

2025-06-10T00:13:59+03:00

Background. In conditions of modern and forecasted natural and man-made emergencies, mobile sensor networks (MSNs) with telecommunication aerial platforms (TAPs) for effective functioning need to have an energy reserve almost an order of magnitude larger than the current energy reserve. Moreover, existing networks of this type have an unacceptably high delay for information transmission, a low speed of its transmission from node to endpoint, and require the use of an extremely large number of telecommunication aerial platforms to maintain continuous connectivity.

Objective. Delay reduction, end-to-end information transmission speed enhancement, and a decrease in the number of TAPs in a mobile sensor network with TAPs, while operating in an emergency zone, where there is no telecommunications infrastructure.

Methods. Analysis of literature and modern research related to the topic of ways to improve and evaluate the effectiveness of mobile sensor networks with telecommunication aerial platforms. Identification of strategies and tools employed by researchers in the creation of mathematical models and methods. Development of a mathematical model that allows modelling both the conditions of existence and absence of connectivity for a mobile-directed action sensor network (MDASN) with TAP at different location levels and energy support, and that computes the numerical values of the vector-criterion components used for quantitative appraisal of the effectiveness of this connectivity. Development of maintaining a MDASN connectivity method using TAP at different location levels that solves the stated multi-criteria problem.

Results. A significant scientific and technical problem was solved regarding the development of a mathematical model and method of using directed action sensors as part of a mobile sensor network using a two-level spatial arrangement of telecommunication aerial platforms with different energy support to maintain this type of connectivity, which allows achieving a reduction in the average delay time during information transmission and telecommunication aero-platforms quantity directly involved in each information transmission session while increasing the average end-to-end information transmission speed.

Conclusions. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that using the developed mathematical model enables simulation modelling in Matlab computer mathematics system, and method can be used in an expert modelling decision-making system for managing search-and-rescue robots.

NEXT-GEN TELECOM AI: MASTERING PROMPT ENGINEERING FOR INNOVATION

2025-06-10T00:31:37+03:00

Background. Since 2021, prompt engineering has emerged as a cornerstone of artificial intelligence (AI), revolutionising telecommunications by 2023 through optimised large language models (LLMs).

Objective. This review synthesises existing research to evaluate prompt engineering’s transformative role in telecommunications, emphasising practical applications, technical challenges, and future directions.

Methods. This analysis draws on 2021–2025 literature from 31 sources, including IEEE journals, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, NeurIPS proceedings, and arXiv preprints, examining prompt engineering techniques like few-shot learning, chain-of-thought prompting, multi-step prompting, Named Entity Recognition (NER), Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and more, with a telecom focus (6G and hypothesised 5G applications) contextualized within Natural Language Processing (NLP) advancements.

Results. Although research on prompt engineering specifically for 5G telecommunications is currently limited, it presents substantial opportunities for optimising network performance, diagnostics, documentation handling, enhancing customer support, and driving innovation across both 5G and future 6G networks.

Conclusions. Prompt engineering bridges AI capabilities with telecommunications needs, with techniques like NER and RAG contributing to the enhancement of mobile communications. The dearth of 5G-specific research highlights the urgent need for specialised LLMs in telecommunications and automated prompting to advance solutions for 5G and 6G.

OPTIMAL TIMING STRATEGIES IN BLOCKCHAIN BLOCK PROPOSALS BY ONE-BULLET SILENT DUELS WITH ONE-THIRD PROGRESSION

2025-06-10T00:58:11+03:00

Background. Silent duels and related timing games offer a surprisingly deep lens into certain core challenges in blockchain technology, especially when it comes to block proposal timing. Miners or validators effectively “compete” in a race to propose the next block. The success of a block proposal depends not only on when it happens but also on whether others have already succeeded or interfered — very much like the tension in a one-shot duel with uncertain outcomes. In block proposal timing for decentralized consensus protocols, a one-shot timing game models a blockchain setting, where participants (e. g., validators or miners) choose when to attempt block proposal or transaction insertion under uncertainty.

Objective. The paper aims to determine the best timing strategies for the participants. Considering two identical participants, the local objective is to find pure strategy solutions of a timing game (duel) with shooting uniform jitter.

Methods. A finite zero-sum game is considered, which models competitive interaction between two subjects to make the best discrete-time decision by limited observability. The moments to make a decision (to take an action, to shoot a bullet) are scheduled beforehand, and each of the subjects, alternatively referred to as the duelists, has a single bullet to shoot. Shooting is only possible during a standardized time span, where the bullet can be shot at only specified time moments. In the base pattern, apart from the duel beginning and final time moments, every following time moment is obtained by adding the third of the remaining span to the current moment. However, the precise time moment specification is not always realizable (e. g., due to the distance between neighbouring time moments being measured with finite accuracy) and so the internal moments are uniformly jittered. This means that they can be slightly shifted within the duel span. The duelist benefits from shooting as late as possible, but only when the duelist shoots first. Both the duelists act within the same conditions by linear shooting accuracy, and so the one-bullet silent duel is symmetric, regardless of the jitter. Therefore, its optimal value is 0 and the duelists have the same optimal strategies, although they still can be non-symmetric.

Results. By the one-third progression pattern with jitter, the 3 x 3 duel always has a pure strategy solution. The 4 x 4 duel is pure strategy solvable by any possible jitter except for jitter interval . Within this interval and interval (-11/54; -1/18) the 5 x 5 duel is pure strategy non-solvable. The 6 x 6 duel is pure strategy solvable by any possible jitter except for jitter intervals and (-49/162; -1/18). Duels with seven to nine time moments are pure strategy solvable only by a jitter interval of . Bigger N x N duels, having no fewer than 10 time moments, are pure strategy solvable only by a jitter interval of [-1/18; 2^N-2/3^N-2). The solutions for the one-third progression pattern are compared to the known solutions for the geometrical-progression pattern.

Conclusions. The duel pure strategy solutions obtained suggest a clear one-step-action strategic behaviour in progressive block proposal timing for decentralized consensus protocols under uncertainty of time slots to act. The main benefit is full fairness and a potential reward if the opponent acts non-optimally, even in a single proposal.

METHOD FOR REDISTRIBUTING ELECTRICITY IN A MICROGRID NETWORK BASED ON AN ONTOLOGICAL MODEL

2025-06-10T23:48:14+03:00

Background. Effective management of electricity distribution in microgrid networks is a key factor in ensuring such systems' reliability, stability, and flexibility. Due to the decentralisation of energy systems and the active introduction of renewable energy sources, there is a growing need for adaptive methods of electricity redistribution that can consider dynamic changes in load and generation. Existing approaches are mostly based on rigid algorithms or centralised control, which makes it difficult to implement flexible scenarios and leads to limited adaptability. The absence of a unified knowledge representation complicates the interaction between Microgrid elements and creates obstacles to system expansion.

Objective. The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for redistributing electricity in a Microgrid using an ontological model that will provide a consistent representation of knowledge about system elements, their interconnections, constraints, and priorities. The proposed approach should facilitate context-oriented decision-making and increase the level of the power system autonomy without the need for radical changes in control schemes.

Methods. The paper analyses typical scenarios of electricity redistribution, identifies conflicts of interaction between Microgrid nodes, and proposes an ontological model that reflects the system structure, connections between sources and consumers, load priorities, and decision-making rules. The main attention is paid to the construction of a formalised knowledge base that ensures interoperability and flexibility in management.

Results. The analysis has confirmed that most existing electricity management systems have limited capabilities to adapt to dynamic changes and do not take into account the semantic relationships between system elements. The proposed ontological model allows for realisation of dynamic energy redistribution, taking into account the context and a set of factors. This ensures an increase in the reliability of the Microgrid and also contributes to a faster response to changing operating conditions.

Conclusions. The proposed method of redistributing electricity in a Microgrid based on an ontological model is a promising direction for building adaptive and intelligent energy systems. Further research is planned to be directed to the implementation of a prototype of the software control module, as well as to the expansion of the ontology to take into account the specifics of various Microgrid configurations.

POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASING THE ENERGY OF RADIO LINES FOR CONTROLLING DRONES

2025-06-11T00:03:27+03:00

Background. The creation of an antenna system consisting of two spiral structures for the 2,4 GHz and 5,8 GHz frequency bands is caused by practical needs determined by the results of using drones to monitor the environment. The proposed technical solution was based on a study of known antennas for the 2,4 GHz (right circular polarisation) and 5,8 GHz (left circular polarisation) frequency bands. Due to the mismatch of the polarisation of the electromagnetic wave and the antenna, losses of up to 20 dBp can occur. To reduce losses, a design of spiral antennas with the ability to change the polarisation direction was proposed. The article discusses the physical nature of the work and the relationship between the design and electrical parameters of spiral antennas. These provisions provide directions for improving these characteristics and technical solutions for their realisation. When creating the proposed design, the core issue was to solve the problem of matching the direction of polarisation of the electromagnetic wave generated by the antenna of the ground control station with the direction of the drone antenna rotation. The problem is proposed to be solved by ensuring the possibility of promptly changing the polarisation of the ground control station antenna. The prototype for the development of such an antenna is a well-known antenna without the possibility of changing the polarisation, which has two coaxial spirals for the frequency bands 2,4 GHz and 5,8 GHz with different types of polarisation.

Objective. The article aims to develop a dual-band antenna system for a ground control station with the ability to change the direction of rotational polarisation.

Methods. A certain number of sources concerning rotationally polarised antennas, various types of ultra-high frequency antennas, and their application for communication between a ground control station and a drone have been reviewed and analysed. According to the problem statement, spiral antennas were selected for the antenna array elements, which provide the possibility of communication with a drone when changing the direction of rotational polarisation. Various antenna designs can solve the creation of a rotationally polarised wave. One solution is to use horn antennas and vibrator-type antennas; however, from the perspective of the ratio of antenna gain and its dimensions, it makes sense to choose a spiral antenna.

Results. The results of modelling the structural, technical, and electrical characteristics of the antenna system indicate the possibility of creating a dual-band spiral antenna design for use on ground control stations for radio contacts with UAVs in the frequency bands 2,35 ... 2,45 GHz and 5,75 ... 5,85 GHz.

Conclusions. The implementation of the antenna system of spiral antennas for ground control stations in the frequency bands 2,35 ... 2,45 GHz and 5,75 ... 5,85 GHz for drone control makes it possible to change the direction of rotational polarisation, which is related to the drone antenna’s rotational polarisation direction.

VOIP SYSTEM WITH HIGH AVAILABILITY

2025-06-11T00:18:57+03:00

Background. With the exponential growth of the internet and an increasing number of VoIP (Voice over IP) deployments arose a need to manage and scale the systems in terms of high availability and minimal downtime.

Objective. The purpose of the paper is to reveal methods of increasing the VoIP system’s availability. Main challenges associated with the operation of VoIP systems are analysed, particularly the need to ensure service continuity, fault tolerance, scalability and resource efficiency.

Methods. Increasing the availability of a VoIP system is based on the use of free software: Kamailio (SIP signalling server), RTPengine (media traffic processing), Redis (in-memory database for storing RTP transactions), and Linux Ubuntu as a host operating system.

Results. The implemented architecture reflects automatic failover of signalling servers and media gateways, load balancing and seamless switching to a backup node in case of failure of one or more components.

Conclusions. The approach given drastically differs from others, where failure of one of the key elements (the signalling server or the media gateway) leads to immediate termination of all active connections. An experimental simulation of the system was performed by deploying a high availability schema depicted in Fig. 2 in a virtual environment and confirmed its high efficiency: even in the event of 50% of component failure, the system remains operational and does not interrupt any call.

METHODS OF 5G MOBILE NETWORK VIRTUALISATION: ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

2025-06-11T00:44:38+03:00

Background. This paper examines approaches to Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) in fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. It analyses modern implementation methods of these technologies, their role in building a flexible, scalable, and efficient network infrastructure, as well as key challenges and future prospects for their development.

Objective. The paper aims to explore architectural solutions that effectively decouple network functions from hardware, enabling dynamic orchestration and automated resource management. To achieve this, an overview of key models for network function distribution in 5G is provided, including full cloud migration, C-plane migration to the cloud, and a scenario-based approach to load distribution between cloud and mobile infrastructure.

Particular attention is given to network management concepts using SDN, the separation of the control and user planes (C-plane/U-plane), and their impact on network performance, latency, and scalability.

The paper presents a review of current research in 5G standardisation, identifies potential directions for the development of NFV and SDN technologies, and outlines key challenges that require further study to achieve high efficiency and reliability in next-generation mobile networks.

Methods. The study employs an analytical research method that includes the systematisation of existing approaches to network function virtualisation (NFV) in 5G networks. A comparative analysis of architectural solutions for the migration of network functions to the cloud has been conducted, evaluating their advantages and disadvantages, as well as analysing the impact of SDN and NFV on network performance and scalability. Special attention is given to the distribution of network functions between the central cloud, peripheral computing nodes (MEC), and mobile infrastructure.

Results. The study identified key approaches to implementing Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) in 5G mobile networks. The analysis of existing architectural solutions demonstrated that NFV reduces dependency on specialised hardware and enhances resource allocation flexibility, while SDN optimises network management through centralised control and load distribution.

Three primary strategies for network function migration in 5G were examined: full cloud migration, C-plane migration to the cloud, and a scenario-based approach. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were determined, along with their impact on network performance, latency, and scalability.

Conclusions. The study confirmed that the implementation of NFV and SDN in 5G networks enhances resource management efficiency, reduces capital and operational expenditures for network operators, and accelerates the deployment of new services. The analysis of existing solutions demonstrated that the adoption of distributed architectures, dynamic network management, and resource orchestration are key factors for the successful development of 5G.

Additionally, the article identifies the main challenges related to scalability, security, and the performance of SDN/NFV in mobile networks, which require further research.

COUPLING OSCILLATIONS OF LATTICES OF DIFFERENT DIELECTRIC RESONATORS

2025-06-11T00:55:55+03:00

Background. The development of many elements of modern communication systems is increasingly based on the use of various types of dielectric resonators (DR). The theory of coupled oscillations of resonators is the basis for further calculations and optimisation of the scattering matrices of electromagnetic waves on various devices. When calculating devices built on a large number of resonators, direct numerical methods are often not effective. They usually require the use of powerful computers, therefore, the calculation of elements on a large number of DR is impossible without building analytical models of complex structures based on electrodynamic modelling.

Objective. The study aims to find analytical expressions for the frequencies and distributions of electromagnetic fields of natural oscillations of lattices, consisting of a large number of various types of dielectric resonators for use in various devices of optical communication systems. To solve this problem, a linear system of equations, which relates the complex amplitudes and frequencies of the resonators, obtained earlier from the perturbation theory, was used.

Methods. To find analytical expressions, methods of matrix theory are used. In this case, both known methods of calculating the determinants of tri-diagonal and circulant matrices are used, as well as their modifications related to the calculations of more complex matrices, which, after transformations, are reduced to much simpler formulas. The final result is the receipt of new general analytical formulas for describing coupled oscillations of lattices consisting of a large number of dielectric resonators of various types.

Results. Coupled oscillations of one-dimensional linear lattices of two types of dielectric resonators are considered. New analytical expressions for complex frequencies and amplitudes of resonators, as well as Q-factor expressions without restrictions on their number, are obtained. A new model of natural oscillations of two-dimensional lattices, consisting of dielectric resonators of two different types, is constructed. General analytical solutions are found for the frequencies and amplitudes of coupled oscillations for two types of two-dimensional lattices with different arrangements of resonators. Analytical solutions are found for the amplitudes and frequencies of coupled oscillations of two axially symmetric ring lattices with different types of resonators, which are characterised by different placement symmetry in free space. The obtained general analytical expressions for the frequencies of coupled oscillations are compared with the results of calculations obtained numerically, by solving linear systems of equations. A very good agreement between the solutions obtained by the two methods is demonstrated.

Conclusions. The developed theory is the basis for the design of many devices of the optical wavelength range, which are built on the basis of the use of a large number of dielectric resonators of various types. The obtained new analytical expressions for calculating coupled oscillations of dielectric resonators allow building new more efficient models of scattering for optimization of various optical communication devices.